LLMilestonesA milestone timeline of AI and large language models

Act IV · Multimodal, open source catches up

Open modelDeepSeek

DeepSeek-V3

A 671B-parameter MoE model close to GPT-4o, with fully open weights.

~$5.57MGPU cost of the final training run

Why it matters

Its report put the final training run at about $5.6M of compute, upending assumptions about training costs.

Costs and controversy

That figure excludes earlier research and experiments; the true total cost is still debated.

Built on

Mixtral 8×7B

Led to

DeepSeek-R1

Source: arxiv.org ↗

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